![]() ![]() As shown by community-based studies, high levels of environmental noise lead to mental health symptoms ( e.g., depression and anxiety) and the degree of noise annoyance may be directly associated with future development of depression and anxiety disorders ( 31), all of which have negative effects on cardiovascular function ( 220). The degree of noise-induced annoyance determines the effect of the noise level on arterial hypertension ( 21) and ischemic coronary artery disease ( 14). ![]() A case report on Takotsubo syndrome in a patient attributed this cardiomyopathy that is linked to excessive stress hormone release to annoyance in response to exposure to nighttime aircraft noise exposure ( 164). Importantly, environmental stressors generate their own cardiovascular risk factors such as hypertension, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and increased blood viscosity and coagulation ( 13), contributing to CVD such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, and stroke. ![]() Current concepts are based on chronic stress reactions such as activation of the autonomic and endocrine system caused by annoyance or sleep deprivation leading to subsequent pathophysiologic systemic alterations, all of which contribute to the progression of CVD ( 14, 16).īabisch established the modern noise reaction model, postulating an “indirect pathway,” in which disturbance of sleep, communication, and activity by low-level noise exposure causes changes of emotional and cognitive parameters and annoyance, followed by chronic stress reactions and adverse health effects ( 13, 14) (summarized in Fig. Since there are almost no models for translational research in humans and animals, the detailed mechanisms responsible for noise-triggered cardiovascular disease (CVD) are still elusive. Environmental stressors such as noise and air pollution are becoming more and more important in our industrialized world and especially traffic noise from road, aircraft, and railway transportation represents a potential novel cardiovascular risk factor ( 162, 166), and numerous studies demonstrate that noise plays a role for the development of cardiovascular as well as metabolic disease ( 167). Whereas most research was directed toward classical risk factors such as diabetes, smoking, or arterial hypertension, more recent evidence suggests that environmental factors contribute to the development of chronic noncommunicable disease ( 143). 28, 873–908.ĭ uring the last decades, there was a shift of the global burden of disease from communicable ( e.g., of perinatal, nutritional nature) to noncommunicable causes ( e.g., atherosclerosis) ( 143). With the present review, we want to provide an overview of epidemiological, translational clinical, and preclinical noise research addressing the nonauditory, adverse effects of noise exposure with focus on oxidative stress. More recently, we introduced a novel animal model of aircraft noise exposure characterizing the underlying molecular mechanisms leading to noise-dependent adverse oxidative stress-related effects on the vasculature. Importantly, impaired endothelial function was ameliorated by acute oral treatment with the antioxidant vitamin C, suggesting that excessive production of reactive oxygen species contributes to this phenomenon. Recently, we demonstrated that aircraft noise exposure during nighttime can induce endothelial dysfunction in healthy subjects and is even more pronounced in coronary artery disease patients. Persistent chronic noise exposure increases the risk of cardiometabolic diseases, including arterial hypertension, coronary artery disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, and stroke. Chronic stress in turn is associated with cardiovascular risk factors, comprising increased blood pressure and dyslipidemia, increased blood viscosity and blood glucose, and activation of blood clotting factors, in animal models and humans. According to the noise reaction model introduced by Babisch and colleagues, chronic low levels of noise can cause so-called nonauditory effects, such as disturbances of activity, sleep, and communication, which can trigger a number of emotional responses, including annoyance and subsequent stress. ![]() Noise is a nonspecific stressor that activates the autonomous nervous system and endocrine signaling. Epidemiological studies have provided evidence that traffic noise exposure is linked to cardiovascular diseases such as arterial hypertension, myocardial infarction, and stroke. ![]()
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